RinahD'enkMyta

HASRINAH

(212 501 027)

LAKIDENDE UNIVERSITY

2012/2013

PREFACE

Praise fortunately us said to God SWT, already gives all blessing and its grant from above so this paper successful being solved, title that is chosen is “ Definition of formalism".

Expected by this writing utilitarian to add science about Formalism.
We realise that this paper still not nearly perfect, because it we expect tips and constructive criticism for over perfect this article. The end our word utters hopefully this paper gets utilitarian.

Tobeu, 18 April 2013

Hasrinah

LIST OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE........................................................................................................................ i

PREFACE............................................................................................................................. ii

LIST OF CONTENTS.......................................................................................................... iii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................... 1

A. BACKGROUND.................................................................................... 1

B. FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM................................................ 1

C. PURPOSE............................................................................................... 1

D. WRITING SISTEMATIC....................................................................... 1

CHAPTER II DISCUSSION............................................................................................... 2

A. THE DEFINITION OF TENSES........................................................... 2

B. THE KINDS OF TENSES...................................................................... 2

1. Simple Present Tense......................................................................

2. Present Continuous Tense...............................................................

3. Present Perfect Tense......................................................................

4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense..................................................

5. Simple Past Tense...........................................................................

6. Past Continuous Tense....................................................................

7. Past Perfect Tense...........................................................................

8. Past Perfect Continuous Tense.......................................................

9. Simple Future Tense.......................................................................

10. Future Continuous Tense................................................................

11. Future Past Tense............................................................................

12. Future Past Continuous Tense........................................................

C. DEFINITION OF ACTIVE AND PASSIVE SENTENCES................

D. THE WAY TO FORM ACTIVE AND PASSIVE SENTENCES.......

E. THE USE OF ACTIVE AND PASSIVE SENTENCES.......................

CHAPTER III CLOSING....................................................................................................

A. CONCLUTION......................................................................................

B. SUGGESTION.......................................................................................

REFERENCES ..............................................................................................................

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. BACKGROUND

Many people said that speak english so difficult, because english and indonesian language have many difference, such as prenunciation of vowel, and then in english have a few form time/tenses . Most of them said that to understand tenses needed a long time. Therefore, i make this paper to make you easy to understand it.

B. PROBLEM STATEMENT

· What is the meaning of tenses?

· What the kinds of tenses?

· What the meaning of active and passive sentences?

· How to use active and passive sentence?

C. PURPOSE

· To know the meaning of Tenses.

· To know kinds of Tenses.

· To know the meaning of active and passive sentences.

· To know how to use active and passive sentences.

1.4 WRITING SISTEMATIC

This paper is written as it were usually where this paper consisting of preface, list of contents and further three chapter which few main point. First chapter which is introduction consisting of four main points. Second chapter which is discussion consisting of five main points. And third chapter which is cover consisting of two points. And the latest is references.

CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

A. THE DEFINITION OF TENSES

Tenses is the change of predicate of sentence, namely “Auxiliary verb or To be or Verb” in accordance with the change of following elements baseed on its subsequent priorities such as “ Condition or Deed or Time”.

According to grammar in general, tenses has sixteen different forms of applications, where twelve tenses are real and four other tenses are unreal or conditional sentence. Actually there are only two primary types of tenses, namely Present Tense ( real now ) and Past Tense ( unreal now ).

To mastery english well, in both of active or passive english well, we have know or study about Tenses, because the use of tenses in english should be structural and according formulate or the rules of tenses.

B. THE KIND OF TENSES

1. Simple Present Tense

We use Simple present tense to talk about things in general. We use it to say that something happens all the time or repeatedly, or that something is true in general. It is not important whether the action is happening at the time of speaking.

a. Positive sentence

Subject + Infinitive (s/es ) + Object

Ø For subject I,You,We,They the sentence use verb I without s or es

I/You/We/They + Infinitive + Object

Example:

Ø I go to campus

S V1 O

Ø You read my book

S V1 O

Ø They come late

S V1 O

· For subject he,she,it or third person singular pronoun the sentence must use verb I + s or es

He/She/It + infinitive + s/es+ object

Example:

Ø Jimy plays tennis.

S V1 + s O

Ø He writes my name.

S V1+s O

Ø She does her homework.

S V1 + es O

· In simple present tense, if subject is third person singular pronoun or name of someone or name of noun, the verb must added s or es. Additional s Contained in the verb that ends with the letter ss/sh/ch/x.

Example:

§ Kiss = kisses

§ Wash = whases

§ Watch = watches

§ Wax = waxes

· If verb ends with letter y after letter consonan, those letter changed as I +es.

Example:

§ Study = studies

§ Fly = flies

§ Carry = carries

· For verb that ends with letter y after letter vocal, those verb added s

Example:

§ play = plays

§ Say = says

§ Enjoy =enjoys

· Verb have,do and go change as

§ Have = has

§ Do = does

§ Go = goes

b. Introgative sentence

In structure simple present tense, introgative sentence used auxalary verb do or does

1. Do

Do + I/you/we/they + infinitive + Object

Example:

Ø Do I know you?

(To do) S VI O

Ø Do you swim?

(To do) S VI

Ø Do we live to eat?

(To do) S VI O

2. Does

Does + he/she/it + infinitive + object

Example:

Ø Does Jimy go to school today?

Ø Does she miss you?

Ø Does he work in market?

3. Do and does with what,where,when,which,why, and how

What/where/when/which/why/how + do/does + subject + infinitive

Example:

Ø Which one do you like?

Ø How do you feel?

Ø How does he work?

Ø Where do you live?

c. Negative sentence

1. Do not or don’t

I/you/we/they + do not /don’t + infinitive + object

Example:

Ø I don’t like you

Ø You don’t love me

Ø We don’t speak Japanese

Ø They don’t know us

2. Does not or doesn’t

He/She/It + does not/doesn’t + infinitive +object

Example:

Ø Arin doesn’t eat cucumber

Ø He doesn’t like her

Ø She doesn’t work

Ø We doesn’t study

Ø They doesn’t do their assignment

d. Time signal

1. Always

2. Usually

3. Sometimes

4. Often

5. Seldom

6. Never

Example:

Ø You always forget my name

Ø We usually studies together

Ø They sometimes make a trouble

Ø I often meet with him

Ø He seldom calls me

Ø She never gets up early

2. Present continuous tense

We use Present continuous tense when we talk about something which is happening at the time of speaking and then for a routine or situation that we see as temporary ( for a short period).

a. Positive sentence

Subject + is/am/are + infinitive + -ing + object

I am reading book

He/she/it + is + reading book

You/they/we are reading book

Example:

Ø I am cooking rice.

S (to be) VI+ing O

Ø He is writing a letter

S (to be) VI+ing O

Ø The girls are swimming in the river

S (to be) VI+ing O

There are some verbs can’t added by “ ing “,

· Verbs of perception

Example :

Feel hear

See notice

Recognize smell, etc.

Taste

· Verbs of appearing

Example :

Appear

Look

Seem, etc.

· Verbs of emotion

Example :

Desire dislike

Feel hate

Hope like

Love prefer

Refuse want, etc.

Wish

· Verbs of thinking

Example :

Agree believe

Consider forget

Imagine know

Mean mind

Remember suppose

Think trust, etc.

Understand

b. Introgative sentence

Is/am/are + subject + infinitive + -ing + object

Example:

Ø Am I reading a book?

Ø Are you going to the beach?

Ø Is he driving fast?

Ø Is Andi looking for me?

What/where/when/who/why/how + is/am

/are + subject + infinitive + -ing

Example:

Ø What are you doing?

Ø What is he looking for?

Ø Who is reading?

Ø Why is he laughing

c. Negative sentence

Subject + is/am/are + not + infinitive + -ing + object

Example:

Ø I am not reading

Ø You are not cooking

Ø Linda is not sitting

Ø They are not going to my home

3. Present Perfect Tense

The Present perfect tense enlightening scene or activity or instance already happens present moment but unknown for sure its time.

a. Positive sentence

Subject + have/has + verb III + object

I/you/They/We + have + made + cake

He/She/It + has + made + cake

Example:

Ø I have seen Tika

Ø He has read a book

Ø We have sang a song

b. Introgative sentence

Have/has + subject + verb III + object

Example:

Ø Have I given you the cake?

Ø Has Uni written a letter?

Ø Have you told him about it?

What/where/when/which/why/how + have /has + subject + verb III

Example:

Ø What have I seen?

Ø Where have you been?

Ø How far has she walked?

c. Negative sentence

Subject + haven’t/hasn’t + verb III + object

Example:

Ø I haven’t eaten something

Ø He hasn’t taken my book

Ø Rina hasn’t sung a song

Ø Tina and I haven’t made a cake

d. Use already, just, ever, never, since, and for

Example:

Ø She has just come in

Ø We have already decided to go

Ø You have ever seen the film

Ø Has Tomi ever eaten sea food?

Ø I have known you for four years

Ø He hasn’t come since the event

4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense

We use the Present Perfect Continuous Tense to Enlightening scene or activity or instance already happens and be still be happen. And we also use the present perfect continuous to ask or say how long something has been happening.

a.Positive sentence

Subject + have/has been + infinitive + -ing + object

Example :

Ø You have been writing since morning

Ø He has been waiting for four years

Ø Dina and Tika have been studying since two hour ago

Ø The girls have been reading for a long time

Ø She has been sitting all night

b. Introgative sentence

Have/has + subject + been + infinitive + -ing + object

Example :

Ø Have you been waiting since morning

Ø Has he been playing since night

Ø Has Jimmy been sleeping for three hour?

What /where/when/who/why/how + have/has + subject + been + infinitive + -ing + object

Example :

Ø What have you been doing?

Ø How long has Jimy been studying?

Ø Who has been sleeping all morning ?

c. Negative sentence

Subject + haven’t/hasn’t + been + infinitive + -ing + object

Example:

Ø You haven’t been cooking since morning

Ø It hasn’t been raining all night

Ø Martin and Kevin haven’t been playing tennis all week.

5. Simple Past Tense

We use the Simple past tense to explain something in a few moment last or past which is finished.

Subject + verb II + object

Positive sentence

· Usually, Past tense along with the explicit time, such as yesterday, last (last week, last years, last Sunday), ago ( a few minutes ago, two years ago, three days ago), this morning.

Example :

Ø I saw him yesterday

Ø You made a cake two hours ago

Ø They saved my brother

· If the sentence did not use verb, we are use was and were

You

they + were

Subject + was/were + …..

He + was

She

Example :

Ø I was cry yesterday

Ø We were make a party last night

Ø They were here this afternoon

Ø Mika was play tennis last Friday

b. Introgative sentence

Did + subject + infinitive + object

Use Did

Example :

Ø Did you study last night?

Ø Did he go to the party yesterday?

What /where/when/who/why/how + did + subject + infinitive + object

Example :

Ø What did you do this morning?

Ø When did Ana get married?

Ø Who did Jimy talk?

Ø Why did they come?

2) Not use did

What /where/when/who/why/how + verb II + object

Example :

Ø Who cried last night?

Ø What happened to them?

Ø Who came to the party?

3) Use was/ were

Was/were + subject + ……

Example:

Ø Was I here yesterday?

Ø Were you know about it?

Ø Was he at home last night?

What /where/when/who/why/how + was/were + subject + (adverb/adjective)

Example:

Ø Where were you last week?

Ø How was Andien yesterday?

Ø Why were you angry last night?

c. Negative sentence

1) Use did not or didn’t

subject + didn’t + infinitive + object

Example :

Ø I didn’t come in his party

Ø Jimmy didn’t eat something

Ø He didn’t sleep well last night

2) Use was not or wasn’t and were not or weren’t

Subject + wasn’t/weren’t + ……

Example :

Ø She wasn’t very well yesterday

Ø You weren’t here last night

Ø The children weren’t noisy

6. Past Continuous Tense

We use the Past continuous tense to say that someone was in the middle of doing something at a certain time. The action or situation had already started before this time but hadn’t finished.

a. positive sentence

· Enlightening activity or scene or instance that be happens on past time.

Subject + was/were + infinitive + -ing + object

Example ;

Ø I was cooking an hour ago

Ø She was reading at eight last night

Ø Sam was cutting the grass at five yesterday

· Enlightening activity or scene or instance that be happens at the past time and overtook by activity or scene or other instance.

Subject + was/were + infinitive + -ing + object +when + subject + verb II

Example :

Ø Arin was sleeping when I come

Ø They were whatching television when you knock at the door.

· Enlighten two activities or scenes or instance that happen upon coincides at the past time.

Subject + was/were + infinitive + -ing + object +while + subject + was/were + infinitive + -ing + object

Example:

Ø Anti was singing while Wina was dancing

Ø We were making a cake while you were coming

b. Introgative sentence

Was/were + subject + infinitive + -ing + object

Example:

Ø Were you sailing last Saturday?

Ø Was I falling a sleep at the studying?

What /where/when/who/why/how + was/were + subject + infinitive + -ing + object

Example:

Ø What were you doing at three o’clock last night?

Ø Who was crying this morning?

c. Negative sentence

Subject + wasn’t/weren’t + infinitive + -ing + object

Example :

Ø I wasn’t cooking an hour ago.

Ø You weren’t listening to the news at five o’clock last night

7. Past Perfect Tense

We use the Past perfect tense to talk about a past situation or activity that took place before another past situation or activity, or before particular time in the past.

a. Positive sentence

Subject + had + verb III + object

Example :

Ø I had cleaned the house before dinner last night

Ø The rain had stopped when my sister came

Ø She had finished her assignment before she slept

Note:

“ The composite sentence and the conditional sentence in past perfect tense can mix with the sentence of past tense or future past perfect tense”.

b. Introgative sentence

Had + subject + verb III + object

Example:

Ø Had the rain stopped when you left?

Ø Had the sun risen before you woke up?

Ø Had I cleaned the house before my sister came?

What/where/when/which/why/how + had + subject + verb III + object

Example:

Ø What had Rina written?

Ø Who had meet Tika?

Did + subject + infinitive + past perfect tense

Example :

Ø Did Sinta say that he had seen Mira?

Ø Did you know that I had read this book?

What + Did + subject + infinitive + past perfect tense

one

Example:

Ø What did she say after we had left?

Ø What did you do before we had gone?

c. Negative sentence

Subject + had not / hadn’t + verb III + object

Example:

Ø I had not cleaned my house

Ø You had not finished your homework.

8. Past Perfect Conitnuous Tense

We use the Past perfect continuous tense to enlightening thing already happens and be still happen in past time.

Subject + had + been + infinitive + -ing + object

Positive sentence

Example :

Ø I had been writing all the night

Ø Mika had been singing a song

Ø He had been waitng for five mounts

b. Introgative sentence

Had + Subject + been + infinitive + -ing + object

Example :

Ø Had she been cooking when I came?

Ø Had Nilam been reading before they gone to canteen?

What /where/when/who/why/how + Had + Subject + been + infinitive + -ing + object

Example:

Ø What had you been talking with him yesterday?

Ø How long had she been waiting this night?

Ø Who had been sleeping all day Friday?

c. Negative sentence

Subject + had not / hadn’t + been + infinitive + -ing + object

Example :

Ø We hadn’t been crying when you came

Ø Ani had’t been sleeping all night

Ø Tina hadn’t been coming in the party

9. Simple Future Tense

Simple future tense use to enlightening action or event or activity who will happen or will do.

a. positive sentence

Pattern:

Subject + shall / will + infinitive + object

Or :

Subject + to be + going to + infinitive

· If subject :

I/we + shall / will + read book

He/you/she/they + shall / will + read book

Example :

Ø I shall be at home on Sunday

Ø She will tell you about it

Ø We are going to sleep

Ø Sunny going to check her son

b. Introgative sentence

shall / will + subject + infinitive + object

Example :

Ø Shall we visit them?

Ø Will you come to the party?

Ø Will Jimmy celebrate his birthday?

What /where/when/who/why/how + shall/will + Subject + infinitive + object

Example :

Ø Who will help them?

Ø Where shall we go tonight?

c. Negative sentence

Subject + shall / will + not +infinitive + object

Example :

Ø They will not cross the road.

Ø You will not success if you do nothing.

Ø I shall not give you anything

10. Future Continuous Tense

Future continuous tense use to enlightening thing that be happens in future.

a. positive sentence

Subject + shall / will + be +infinitive + -ing +object

Example :

Ø You will be waiting him

Ø We shall be visiting Ayu next time.

Ø Maya will be sitting

b. Introgative sentence

shall / will + subject + be +infinitive + -ing +object

Example :

Ø Will Asry be going home on Saturday?

Ø Shall we be talking about Grammar I?

What /where/when/who/why/how +shall /will + subject + be +infinitive + -ing +object

Example :

Ø What will Ana be doing after work?

Ø How many people will be coming to the meeting?

Ø When shall I be getting much money?

c. Negative sentence

Subject + shall / will + not + be +infinitive + -ing +object

Example :

Ø They will not be doing anything after work.

Ø I shall not be getting much money.

Ø Riska will not be reading this proposal.

11. Future Past Tense

Future past tense use to enlighten thing who will happen or done in past time.

a. Positive sentence

Subject + should/ would + infinitive + object

He/you/she/they + would + read book

I/we + should + read book

Example :

Ø Tian would buy a pen.

Ø We should make a cake.

Ø She would give me a present.

b. Introgative sentence

Should/ would + subject + infinitive + object

Example :

Ø Would she come to the party?

Ø Should we go to the beach the next day?

Ø Would Arin make a cake?

What /where/when/who/why/how +should /would + subject + infinitive + object

Example ;

Ø Who would do this assignment?

Ø Where should we go tomorrow?

Ø Why would you join the club?

c. Negative sentence

Subject + should/ would + not + infinitive + object

Example :

Ø She would not join the club.

Ø Maya would not make a cake.

Ø We should not buy a present.

12. Future Past Continuous Tense

Future past continuous tense use to enlighten thing who will be happen in past time.

a. Positive Sentence

Subject + should/ would + be + infinitive + -ing + object

Example :

Ø I should be doing my assignment the night before.

Ø They would be coming to my house the following week.

Ø She would be making a cake.

b. Introgative sentence

Should/ would +subject + be + infinitive + -ing + object

Example :

Ø Would he be making a cake after lunch?

Ø Should I be studying English?

What /where/when/who/why/how +should/would + subject + be + infinitive + -ing object

Example :

Ø What would you be making a cake after lunch?

Ø Who would be making a cake after lunch?

c. Negative sentence

Subject + should/ would + not + be + infinitive + -ing + object

Example :

Ø I should not be making a cake after lunch.

Ø You would not be sleeping after dinner.

C. DEFINITION AKTIVE AND PASSIVE SENTENCES

Aktive sentence is the verb from used when the subject of a sentence does the action. Passive sentence is the verb from used when the subject of a sentence is affected by the action.

D. THE WAY TO FORM ACTIVE AND PASSIVE SENTENCES

· Active sentences

If we want to form an active sentence,we do not need any special regulations, because there is no special key. Just pay attention with the tenses. As we know that English has movement verb that we have to know well.

· Passive sentences

The passive sentence has special ways to form it. Beside we have to pay attention with movement of verbs, we have to give special attention with such thing. According to Mas’ud, there are four ways form passive sentences.

1. Put an object of active sentence in the beginning of passive sentence (object of active sentence becomes subject in passive sentence).

Example : he ate banana (active)

Banana was eaten by him (passive)

2. If in the active sentence do not have auxiliary (to be), so just add to be that is suitable with the subject of passive sentence and the tenses.

Example : Jojo invited them (active)

They were invited by Jojo (passive)

3. Put the main verb from active sentence after auxiliary verb (to be) in past participle from.

Example : My sister is cooking rice (active)

Rice is being read by my sister (passive)

4. Put the preposition by after the main verb before object in passive sentence. (in some cases, the preposition by can be omitted when it is not known or not important to know exactly who performs the action).

Example : This room was painted yesterday

· Formula of passive sentence

To be + Past Participle

E. THE USE OF ACTIVE AND PASSIVE SENTENCE

v Tenses

1. Simple present

Active passive

(+) Rina makes a cake. (+) A cake is made by Rina.

(-) Rina does not make a cake. (-) A cake is not made by Rina.

(?) Does Rina make a cake? (?) Is a cake made by Rina?

2. Present Continuous

Active Passive

(+) Sany is taking pen. (+) Pen is being taken by Suny.

(-) Sany is not taking pen. (-) Pen is not being taken by Suny.

(?) Is Suny taking pen? (?) Is pen being taken by Suny?

3. Present Perfect

Active Passive

(+) He has open the window. (+) The window has been opened by

him.

(-) He has not open the window. (-) The window has not been opened by him.

(?) Has he open the window? (?) Has the window been opened by him?

4. Present Perfect Continuous

Active Passive

(+) They have been eating fish. (+) Fish has been being eaten by them.

(-) They have not been eating fish. (-) Fish has not been being eaten by them.

(?) Have they been eating fish? (?) Has fish been being eaten by them?

5. Simple Past

Active Passive

(+) We closed the door. (+) The door was closed by us.

(-) We did not closed the door. (-) The door was not closed by us.

(?) Did we closed the door? (?) Was the door closed by us?

6. Past Continuous

Active Passive

(+) I were playing tennis. (+) Tennis was being played by me.

(-) I were not playing tennis. (-) Tennis was not being played by me.

(?) Were I playing tennis? (?) Was tennis being played by me?

7. Past Perfect

Active Passive

(+) He had helped me. (+) I had been helped by him. (-) He had not helped me. (-) I had been helped by him. .

(?) Had he helped me? (?)Had I been helped by him?

8. Past Perfect Continuous

Active Passive

(+) She had been driving a car. (+) A car had been being driven by her.

(-) She had not been driving a car. (-) A car had not been being driven by her.

(?) Had she been driving a car? (?) Had a car been being driven by her?

9. Simple Future

Active Passive

(+) we will take the the book. (+) The book will be taken by us

(-) We will not take the book. (-) The book will not be taken by us.

(?) Will we take the book? (?) Will the book be taken by us?

10. Future Continuous

Active Passive

(+) I will be telling something. (+) Something will be being told by me.

(-) I will not be telling something. (-) Something will not be being told by

(?) will I be telling something? (?) Will something be being told by me?

11. Future Perfect

Active Passive

(+) He will has won my heart. (+) My heart will has been won by him.

(-) He will not has won my heart. (-) My heart will not has been won by

him.

(?) Will he has won my heart? (?) Will my heart has been won by him?

12. Future Perfect Continuous

Active Passive

(+) He will has been leaving us. (+) We will have been being left by

him.

(-) He will not has been leaving us. (-) We will not have been being left by him.

(?) Will he has been leaving us? (?)Will we have been being left by

him

CHAPTER III

COVER

A. CONCLUSION

1. Present simple

2. Present continuous

3. Present perfect

4. Present perfect continuous

5. Past simple

6. Past continuous

7. Past perfect

8. Past perfect continuous

9. Future simple

10. Future continuous

11. Future past

12. Future past continuous

Aktive sentence is the verb from used when the subject of a sentence does the action. Passive sentence is the verb from used when the subject of a sentence is affected by the action.

3.2 SUGGESTION

My suggestion to reader is necessarily a more regular try to understand tenses because startup we can make an english language deep sentence be tenses. And also we shall often well-read that book a lot of reference. And then accustomize yourself to speak English with your friend wherever you. Don’t shy or fear amiss.

REFERENCES

Supono Idi,Widie Cahya. 2010.Panduan Menguasai 16 Tenses. Jakarta, Indonesia ; Kawan Pustaka

Aso La,Nurjannah.2011 Materi Grammar I, unaaha.

Darmin. 2012. Hand Out Grammar II. Unaaha.

Samsul La Ode. 2011. Hand Out Grammar III. Unaaha.

Murphy Raymond. 1994. English Grammar In Use. Cambridge, Australia. Cambridge Unifersity Press.

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Kamis, 09 Januari 2014

makalah grammar II Tenses of English